Essay on English Teaching

It is barely this week that I learned about the importance of I.S.P. Nations’ four principles of vocabulary teaching. It emphasizes that each of the students have an opportunity to learn vocabulary across four strands rather than teaching the vocabulary itself. Sufficient time allocation for the study of each of the principles is necessary to enable the students’ acquaintance with the vocabulary knowledge from each strand and diversify in all language skills. This will help them to learn and explore vocabulary with â€Å"balanced range of learning opportunities† (Nunan 133). The I.S.P. Nation’s four principles of vocabulary teaching are meaning-focused input and output, language-focused learning and fluency development. The meaning-focused input concentrates on the learners’ receptive skills. It allows the students to develop vocabulary skill from listening and reading. In order to have effective meaning-focused input, learners should know at least â€Å"98% of running words†.   They should know about 2000-3000 of the most common words that are in the language taught at the early stages. â€Å"Learners should understand high frequency words before low frequency words† (Nunan 136). However, it is important to know, â€Å"the high frequency vocabulary needs to occur in all four strands of a course† (Nunan 139).   Learners may have to understand the various types of high frequency, academic, technical and low frequency words. Students should watch educative programs on television, read extensively and listen to inspirational talks appropriate for their level.   The reading and listening will provide an â€Å"incidental learning† for the learners. These will help them to learn the most common words that occur in the English language. With practice, they will learn to develop strategies to understand the meaning from the context. â€Å"They will eventually learn the other 2% of difficult and unfamiliar words† (Nunan 135). The language-focused learning is similar to, â€Å"the deliberate learning† (Nunan 134).   It involves â€Å"deliberate learning† techniques such as memorizing vocabulary by translating words into their original language. By reading intensively, the students are able to prepare word or picture cards (a two-sided card with each of the languages on the sides). The students would use the dictionary for inference to enrich their vocabulary mastery. The TESOL book by Nunan recommends that â€Å"25% of the course time† be for the language-focused learning.   Practicing pronunciation, studying vocabulary, spelling and grammar and learning the discourse are the ways of deliberate learning. In addition, the meaning-focused output involves learning of vocabulary through speaking and writing.   Vocabulary can be learned by focusing on the productive skills.   From the productive use of the vocabulary, students will be able to learn the â€Å"aspects of vocabulary knowledge† that were never understood during listening or reading process. Even if they have the opportunities to use the words, they learned from language input, it would be a good practice for student analyze their reading and to be original in their writing. Essay writing would be a better application for the learnt words. The fluency development occurs when the learners are able to retrieve vocabulary and their best used in essay writing. â€Å"The learners make the best use of what they already know† (Nunan 134).   One way to develop fluency is by involving students in interactive speaking, listening and writing. The speedwriting under specified time would be a good example to fluency development. This enhances familiarization with the subject matter. Moreover, I have learned that vocabulary is the most important part of learning English language.   Having strong vocabulary knowledge allows the learner to communicate efficiently and empowers them to be better readers, writers, speakers and listeners. Learners find strategies to approach and figure out the context of a new word in a sentence, story or in conversations.   The words they learn become part of their active vocabulary when they meet the same words repetitiously in their studies. In conclusion, English teachers have an uphill task to ensure that students exhaustively understand and properly apply the vocabulary. On the other hand, students have the responsibility of developing interest in the understanding of English language. Students are supposed actively indulge in in-depth reading and writing to understand the words applications.   As a result, students will be able to understand better, as they read and listen often. They will be able to speak and write successfully. This would lead to self-independent and being able to â€Å"take control of their own vocabulary learning† (Nunan 150). Teachers should assess students’ capabilities to enable progress. It is essential that teachers recognize students’ needs and focus on appropriate level of vocabulary.

Should Parents Be Allowed to Smoke Around Their Children...

What is secondhand smoke? Secondhand smoke is a mixture of the smoke from an actively burning cigarette and can also be the smoke exhaled from a smoker. There are two different types of secondhand smoke: Side stream smoke which comes directly from burning tobacco and also Mainstream smoke which is the smoke that the person smoking inhales. Although the smoke that the smoker inhales is very dangerous and harmful to the body, the smoke off of a burning cigarette actually contains more harmful substances due to the smoke not being filtered when coming off of the end of the cigarette. The people being harmed the most by secondhand smoke happens to be children. Children have no choice but to endure the secondhand smoke coming off of their†¦show more content†¦According to the NRDC, nearly 18,000 deaths from cardiovascular disease were caused by active smoking in 1990. Smoking a single cigarette can damage blood flow to your heart for people with a pre-existing coronary artery dis ease. Cigarette smoking has been found to be the leading cause of pulmonary illness and death in the US. In 1990, smoking cause more than 84,000 deaths anywhere from lung disease, such as pneumonia, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Another form of smoking is passive smoking, also known as involuntary smoking. Passive smoking is when someone inhales the mixture of smoke that comes from the burning end of tobacco products, such as a cigarette, and is also the smoke exhaled by a smoker. This mixture of smoke is called â€Å"environmental smoke.† Environmental smoke contains more than 4,000 harmful substances and 40 of them are known to cause cancer. Although environmental smoke seems like less of a risk than mainstream smoke, which is inhaled by an active smoker, many of the substances are the same harmful toxins. In 1986, the National Research Council and also the Surgeon General announced that environmental smoke can cause lung cancer in non-smokers and also increase your ri sk for respiratory problems and decrease lung function in children of smoker parents. Also, in 1992, the EPAShow MoreRelatedThe Dangers Of Public Smoking932 Words   |  4 Pages Public smoking is being allowed to smoke in places that involve the community. Some places have smoking bans because of the problems it can cause. I think people should not be able to smoke in public places because it affects other people’s health, it pollutes the earth, it could have a bad influence on people, and it has an unpleasant smell. Cigarettes does not only affect the person smoking, it can affect the people around them also. Cigarettes contain a lot of chemicals that are harmfulRead MoreEssay about The Harmful Effects of Second Hand Smoke1141 Words   |  5 PagesThe Harmful Effects of Second Hand Smoke An Australian courtroom, November 2002, has banned a mother of a ten year old boy from smoking in her household (Watts). This is because of the numerous harmful effects that go along with second hand smoke. The court was protecting the child from these dangers; the mother and grandfather both admitted to smoking approximately 40 cigarettes everyday (Watts). The ruling was done by the anti-smoking lobby, and was a first for this type of caseRead More America Needs a Complete Smoking Ban Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesto exposure of secondhand smoke in America (â€Å"American Lung Association†). Children all over the United States are unwillingly exposed to parental secondhand smoke in public, in cars, and at home. When children are exposed to secondhand smoke, many develop life threatening diseases later in life as a result of that exposure. In the United States, smoking should be banned while in the presence of children. Children’s lungs are vulnerable to the effects of secondhand smoke, and this can cause seriousRead MoreBan Smoking On Public Beaches855 Words   |  4 Pagesbeaches, mainly smokers. People that are strongly against smoking on public beaches tend to be parents and non-smokers alike. They find it absolutely unacceptable to smoke on public beaches as they see it as an unhealthy and a harmful habit, and do not want to be around it. Apart from disapproval of non smokers, there is other negative effects of smoking on public beaches. Therefore, smoking should not be allowed on public beaches. Leftover cigarettes pollute beaches and affect marine animals. CigaretteRead More Quit Smoking!933 Words   |  4 PagesComplicate Pregnancy. Cigarette smoking has been proven to be hazardous to your health. It wasnamp;#8217;t until 1964 that the actual truth came out about cigarette use. From the years 1952-1956 Kent brand cigarettes was allowed to use a filter containing asbestos. Cigarette ads were allowed on television up until the year 1971, and it wasnamp;#8217;t until 1979 that it was discovered that women smokers could cause major damage to the fetus if they are pregnant. In 1964, the annual Surgeon Generalamp;#8217;sRead MoreSecondhand Smoking Should Be Illegal1276 Words   |  6 Pagessome still smoke in ages, however the only problem in our society, people who smoke around youngsters called as well as secondhand smoking is a detective around children and adults. It is important that secondhand smoke shouldn’t be smoking around their own children or underage due to health. Secondhand smoking, tobacco smoke is exhaled by a second smoker or is given off by burning tobacco and also is inhaled by someone nearby which it’s called passive Smoke. It occurs when tobacco smoke spread throughoutRead MoreSmoke As An American Citizen1099 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking Parents Tyler McClellan September 9, 2015 British Literature B Life Academy If I choose to smoke as an American citizen I will if I want simply because it is my right to do so, I mean after all is that not what this country was founded upon in the first place? Freedom? Yes it is. Since this is true why would we say you can have your freedom to do as you please but place stipulations on it? Since the United States is a free country it should be anyone`s right to smoke evenRead MoreThe Debate Over Banning Smoking in Public Places Essay607 Words   |  3 Pagessmoking should banned from public places. My reasons for this are; People who smoke should be considerate of that fact that not only are they damaging their own existing health but also they are harming the others around them who are only breathing in the tobacco smoke. During the past ten years of tests, experiments etc. on the effect of smoking both directly and passive, there is now enough scientific evidence to prove that exposure to second-hand smoke both harms Read MoreSecondhand Smoke Persuasive Essay855 Words   |  4 Pagescoughing and wheezing, smoke filled my eyes and lungs. I pulled my tie frantically, my head beating as I ran out the entryway. I was having my supper when a refined man at the table decided to light a cigarette. The smoke went directly to my face and lungs, suddenly, I could not inhale, my chest hurt and I froze. Secondhand smoke, also known as environmental tobacco smoke, is a mixture of two forms of smoke from burning tobacco. Mainstream smoke exhaled by a smoker and Side stream smoke from a lighted pipeRead MoreBanning Smoking Due to the Serious and Fatal Side Effects Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesSmokers are not only harming themselves but the people around them breathing the second-hand smoke. â€Å"Each year, about 46,000 nonsmokers in the United States die from heart disease caused by second-hand smoke† (â€Å"Cigarette Smoking in the†). This number is very high for someone that has never touched a cigarette. Second-hand smoke is harmful to everyone that breathes it. Children should not have to risk getting cancer because parents cannot stop a disgusting habit that harms their children’s

Colour Purple, Porphyrias Lover free essay sample

Alphonso uses many catches, all of which helped convince Mr________ to accept Celie in marriage. Some of these bribes included â€Å"You can do everything just like you want to and she aint gonna make you feed it or clothe it† and â€Å"She’d come with her own Linen. She can take that cow she raise down there back of the crib. † These quotes show how her Pa believed he owned her. The possession he held for Celie was so great that he was able to offer her for marriage not because of the person she was, but for the things she could bring with her, and the chores she was able to complete. Browning’s Poem â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† uses the plot of this dramatic monologue to represent and tie in the aspect of possession. The man in Porphyria’s life is so engaged in the fact that Porphyria has some sense of feeling toward him and believes that her connections with the outside world is the only thing keeping her from staying with him. This man is so in love with Porphyria that she is able to make everything for him feel better. To him, Porphyria is above all else and changes the atmosphere almost automatically. When glided in Porphyria; straight she shut the cold out and the storm, And kneeled down and made the cheerless grate Blaze up and make the whole cottage warm. † Another way Walker uses her novel to develop possession, is when Celie decides to leave for Memphis with Shug, to get away from Mr______. After years of dealing with her husband’s ways of life, putting up with all the beatings, and having to deal with being owned, Celie decides that everything would be better off living with Shug who truly cares for her. The true feelings and the streak of possession starts to truly show when Mr______ hears of this. He exclaims to Celie â€Å"Who you think you is?.. You can’t curse nobody. Look at you. You black, you pore, You Ugly, You a woman. Goddam, he say, you nothing at all†. He uses this to try to persuade and convince Celie that she will be no good away from him, but it does not work. She follows her feelings and escapes from the life with him. Similarly, â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† is another example of the man trying to gain possession over the women in his life. Alternatively, Browning allows the man to effectively gain this possession. On realising that Porphyria truly does worship him, and that no matter how much her heart tells her that she loves him, she cannot tear herself away from her vein attires; he becomes determined on what to do. He realises that there is only one way to keep their love together, perfect and pure. â€Å"That moment she was mine, mine, fair, perfectly pure and good. I found a thing to do†¦. And strangled her. † This example showed how the possession was so great, that Porphyria was unable to escape. An additional way Alice Walker uses â€Å"Color Purple† to develop the idea of possession, very alike to Celie and Mr_____ relationship, is the marriage of Sofia and Harpo. Harpo does not like the idea of Sofia doing her own thing, having her own ideas and independence and so he confides with his father on what he could do. Harpo becomes convinced that to remove this independence, he needs to beat her. On attempting to beat Sofia, Harpo realises that she is not going to give in that way, and how much of a fight she can put up. On deciding that there is no way he is able to win in the frame he is in, Harpo starts to eat uncontrollably in attempt to put on weight to triumph over Sofia. â€Å"He eating more and more each day Harpo eat when he aint hungry † This still does not help him to succeed in possessing his wife. In Browning’s poetry, Porpheryias’ lover actually succeeds in possessing his love. By murdering her, he was able to keep the love between them both, allowing her joyful heart no longer to be able to break. He was able to preserve the moment of perfect love and justify it despite everything. At once, he was able to hold her, and keep her forever. â€Å"Only, this time my shoulder bore her head, which droops upon it still: The smiling rose little head, so glad it has its utmost will†. The next aspect of Love developed in â€Å"Color Purple† is the Powerlessness of women. The poem that relates to this aspect is â€Å"Child Wife† written by Oodgeroo of the Tribe Noonuccal. Both these texts help to portray how women in different cultures have to deal with the same feeling of being powerless, as well as having no say in what happens in their life. Walker again uses Celie’s relationship with her â€Å"Pa† as a way to form examples of the way women lack power in their life. Alphonso uses Celie to perform many of his duties, take care of the children as well as for his pleasure. â€Å"He never had a kine word to say to me. Just say you gonna do what you mammy wouldn’t†¦He start to choke me, saying you better shut up and git used to it. † This quote from the beginning of the novel explains how Celie’s Pa used to sexually assault her and how she was never allowed to say a word to anyone. She had no choice or say in what happened to her and always had to do exactly as she was told. Child Wife† is a similar example of the Powerlessness of women. In this poem the young girl has no choice and is forced to marry an old man The cultural ties in this tribe â€Å"Noonuccal† mean that young woman’s husbands are determined by everyone but the women herself, and don’t take int o account any lovers or any other aspects in their life. â€Å"My childhood over, I must sit forever, and the tears fall down† explains how devastated this young girl is about her marriage, but does not have the rights to be able to walk away or say no. Mr______ and Celie’s marriage is again a great example of the Powerlessness of Women. Mr_____ has sex with Celie without ever discussing or caring about Celie’s feelings or wants. Celie explains, â€Å"Most times I pretend I aint there. He never know the difference†¦Never.. Just do his business, get off, go to sleep. † Sex is just an enjoyment for Mr______, a chore, part of the business of being married. Because Celie is tied to marriage with Mr______, she has no choice but to learn to deal with it. Oodgeroo, of the tribe Noonuccal, once again uses her poems very similarly to the powerlessness of women in â€Å"Color Purple†, the only thing being that this young lady is restricted by traditions as well. The tribal traditions in Noonuccal meant that all husbands are chosen by the leaders, not based on age or the girls wants, but on what the man can provide and do, as well on what they personally think would be best for her. In this case the decision is what makes this young girl the least happy â€Å"They gave me to an old man, joyless and old. This leaves her doubting her life’s happiness and wishing she could have what she really wanted. â€Å"It was love I longed for, young love like mine, it was Dunwa wanted me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Another relationship in â€Å"Color Purple† of which the man tries to take the woman’s power is Sofia Harpo’s marriage. Harpo attempts for quite a long period to beat the independence out of Sofia to gain more power i n their relationship. The more Harpo tries to beat his wife, the more determined she becomes in doing her own thing. Eventually Sofia has enough and leaves him, taking with her all her children. â€Å"They come early one morning in two wagons to pick Sofia up. She doesn’t have much to take†¦The children. † This is Celie’s description of when Sofia’s sisters came to collect Sofia and save her from any more hassle with her husband. Harpo had attempted to make Sofia powerless, but failed, losing all his family in the process. Oodgeroo describes the young girl in â€Å"The child wife† surrounded by â€Å"Happy the small birds Mating and Nesting, Shrilling their gladness No grief may drown. Oodgeroo uses this part of the poem to explain that everything else around this little girl is happy, with no grief or sorrow, making her feel trapped by happiness. She has no choice but to be with this old man forever, powerless and drowned in pain. The third aspect of Love described in â€Å"Color Purple† and the last poem â€Å"At Seventeen† by T. S Elliot is loves absence. This aspect does not communicate the same ideas right throughout the two texts but is an aspect of which affects many characters and people in their day-to-day life’s. Whether not having experienced love, losing one that is loved or having been separated from a lover, Loves absence in either one of these texts can and does cause many emotions to evolve. Most of these emotions are powerful and are capable of accumulating into negative feelings. The only similar example, which helps to relate â€Å"Color Purple† and â€Å"At seventeen† in the same way, to the aspect of Loves Absence, is with Celie at the beginning of the novel. Celie never understood how somebody could fall in love, as she had never witnessed it herself. Nobody had ever been attracted to Celie, only ever using her for what she could do and for sex. Walker uses the quote â€Å"She not so pretty†¦Just that head of hair†¦Sure too black † to show how many people used to see Celie before Shug came along. Before Shug, Celie never really understood the meaning of true love. The same idea of Love’s absence, as shown in the first example in â€Å"Color Purple†, is shown all the way through T. S Elliot’s poem â€Å"At Seventeen†. The seventeen year old in this poem has realized that she just cannot compete with the peers her age and that she is not good enough for love. She thinks she does not have the looks or the money to attract anyone to love her. â€Å"I learnt the truth at seventeen that love was meant for beauty queens And high school girls with clear skinned smiles†. Elliot uses quotes such as this all through the poem to describe how this seventeen year old believes she is everything but glamour or beauty. Loves absence in this poem has lead this young girl to become mournful, pessimistic and depressed, at the same having a grandiose image of other girls on a pedestal compared to herself. It has lead her to believe that love is a shallow emotion only about beauty not about the person within. As a result, she leads herself to thinking she will never be able to fall in love because she feels she cannot compare. A diverse example but of equal significance in Walkers novel is between Celie and her sister Nettie. Even though the physical absence between the two sisters in this story is immense, and continues to grow and extend, Celie and Nettie still feel the same love and bonds for each other. â€Å"The years have come and gone without a single word from you. Only the sky above us do we hold in common†¦One day I will find myself gazing into your eyes†¦Oh Celie! † The passion that is showing through in this quote is becoming an all-consuming thought in Nettie’s mind, forming constant worry and anxiety about where her sister is and if they will ever meet again. The last example that transmits the same idea of Love’s absence in â€Å"At seventeen† comprises of the quote â€Å"To those of us who know the pain of Valentines that never came†¦and those of whose names were never called when choosing sides for basketball†. This does not use the same illustration as what Color purple does, as the young girl had never had a love, to lose. Instead, she wishes she had experienced the love of which others boast about. All these texts, â€Å"Color Purple†, â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover†, â€Å"Child Wife† and â€Å"At Seventeen† represent very similar but divergent issues and aspects that help develop the common theme of Love. Each one of these aspects has helped to demonstrate the boundaries and connections that can evolve in the process of Love.

Mentuhotep II Nebhepetra Reunifying Egypt under Theban Rule Essay Example

Mentuhotep II Nebhepetra: Reunifying Egypt under Theban Rule Paper Mentuhotep II Nebhepetra: Reunifying Egypt under Theban Rule BY AlexThepanda95 Mentuhotep II Nebhepetra Describe the most important features known from that kings reign and the surviving sources of evidence about them. Mentuhotep II Nebhepetra is considered to be most famous for reunifying Egypt under Theban rule, thus ending the turmoil of the First Intermediate period and establishing the far more stable Middle Kingdom. The beginning of his reign seems relatively peaceful until evidence suggests that 14 ears in, the last phase of civil war between Herakleopolis and Thebes (Mentuhoteps region) erupted, culminating in Mentuhotep defeating the Herakleopolitans and reunifying Egypt. As to how Mentuhotep actually unified Egypt remains broadly unknown. Historians have argued that a collection of unmummified bodies of 60 soldiers found not far from his mortuary complex prove that there was a battle. This collaboration of Egypt, regardless of how it actually occurred, is considered a tremendous achievementl in the history of Egypt and its significance is not only ecognised today, but was by the Ancient Egyptians themselves. Discoveries have been made as late as the 20th Dynasty of private tombs containing inscriptions celebrating [Mentuhoteps] role as founder of the Middle Kingdom2. Among Mentuhoteps achievements as king were his various temple buildings, the most famous being his innovative mortuary complex at Deir el-Bahri3 (see Fig 1) which was entirely unique4 when built. We will write a custom essay sample on Mentuhotep II Nebhepetra: Reunifying Egypt under Theban Rule specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mentuhotep II Nebhepetra: Reunifying Egypt under Theban Rule specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mentuhotep II Nebhepetra: Reunifying Egypt under Theban Rule specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Its novel plan was the inspiration for Hatshepsuts later neighbouring monument. The complex is seen to be evidence f the transition from the Old Kingdom pyramid temple to the houses of millions of years of the New KingdomS and so is significant in the movement of Ancient Egyptian architecture. Within the complex, a series of painted sandstone statues of Mentuhotep were found which are the earliest to represent the dead king in the so- called Osirian pose6 (see Fig 2). Additionally, Mentuhotep seems to have been the first king to build a grand stone hypostyle hall in Egyptian architecture, with 80 octagonal columns7 of which remains can still be seen today (see Fig 3). Mentuhotep reorganised multiple elements of government during his reign. He ruled from Thebes, which had not been a particularly prominent town in Upper Egypt8 until this move thus making it into a prime location. He also rearranged the governments organisation by re-establishing many roles, such as moving the post of vizier to head the administration. Moreover, in previous kings reigns, the power of the nomarchs had been increasing but Mentuhotep diminished their power and their movements began to be monitored by officials from the royal court. Mentunoteps reign Is tnereTore rememoerea mostly Tor nls Importance In reunltlng Egypt after the instability of the First Intermediate period. Mentuhoteps apparent military campaigns abroad, focusing on Libya, Nubia and the Eastern desert, reinforce the stability of the state during this time as such Journeys suggest that Egypt was beginning to restore its influence in the outside world9 something only done when their own state was secure enough to expand. Such actions are depicted within his mortuary complex (see Fig 4). Bibliography Arnold, D. Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture (London: 1. 8. Tauris, 2003) p. 149 Lehner, M. The complete pyramids (London: Thames Hudson Ltd, 1997) p. 167 Murray, M. , Egyptian Temples (London: Sampson Low, Marston Co Ltd, 1931) p. 129 Shaw, 1. , The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) pp. 139-142 Taylor, J. , Death and the afterlife in Ancient Egypt (London: The British Museum Press, 2001) p. 167 Wilkinson, T. , Dictionary of Ancient Egypt (London: Thames Hudson Ltd, 2005) p. 1 50 Fig 1 Reconstruction by Naville, 1910 Sourced from: http://e n. wikipedia. rg/wiki/File:Temple-montouhotep. Jpg Fig 2 Seated statue of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II, in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Painted Sandstone, 1 lth Dynasty Sourced from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ File:Mentuhotep_Seated. Jpg Aerial view of Mentuhoteps temple complex, modern day. Sourced from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File:Mentuhotep_Deir_el-Bahri. Jpg Fig 4 1 1 th dynasty stone relief showing the cartouche of Mentuhotep, illustrating him defeating Asiatics. Sourced from The British Museum online archive.